Calculations of hot gas ingestion for a STOVL aircraft model

Hot gas ingestion problems for Short Take-Off, Vertical Landing (STOVL) aircraft are typically approached with empirical methods and experience. In this study, the hot gas environment around a STOVL aircraft was modeled as multiple jets in crossflow with inlet suction. The flow field was calculated with a Navier-Stokes, Reynolds-averaged, turbulent, 3D computational fluid dynamics code using a multigrid technique. A simple model of a STOVL aircraft with four choked jets at 1000 K was studied at various heights, headwind speeds, and thrust splay angles in a modest parametric study. Scientific visualization of the computed flow field shows a pair of vortices in front of the inlet. This and other qualitative aspects of the flow field agree well with experimental data

Fatal anaphylactic sting reaction in a patient with mastocytosis

We report on a 33-year-old female patient with indolent systemic mastocytosis and urticaria pigmentosa who died of an anaphylactic reaction after a yellow jacket sting. As she had no history of previous anaphylactic sting reaction, there was no testing performed in order to detect hymenoptera venom sensitization. But even if a sensitization had been diagnosed, no venom immunotherapy (VIT) would have been recommended. It is almost certain that VIT would have saved her life and it is most likely that VIT is indicated in some patients with mastocytosis with no history of anaphylactic sting reaction. However, no criteria have been established in order to allow a selection of mastocytosis patients eligible for such a `prophylactic' VIT. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel

Steel Bridge Protection Policy: Evaluation of Bridge Coating system for INDOT Steel Bridges

The study identifies various painting systems that are successfully used in Indiana’s surrounding states and other industries. The identified systems are further screened and evaluated. After prudently comparing INDOT’s inorganic zinc / vinyl system with the waterborne acrylic system, the moisture cure urethane coating system, and the 3-coat system of zinc-epoxy-urethane, the results show that the new 3-coat system fulfills INDOT’s needs with the most benefits. Therefore, the 3-coat system is recommended to replace INDOT present inorganic zinc / vinyl system. To deal with the problems facing the lead-based paint, a comparison between full-removal and over-coating alternatives is made. Results show that over-coating might provide a good protection for less than half the cost of full-removal; however it delays the lead full-removal process and does not completely solve the environmental problem. The metalization of steel bridges is seemingly a potential protection policy. After reviewing standards and specifications on metalization, it is shown that metalization jobs require a higher degree of control. It suits on-shop practices, however, the initial cost is considerably high. This study also describes a life cycle cost analysis that was done to determine an optimal painting system for INDOT. Herein, a deterministic method of economic analysis and a stochastic method of Markov chains process are used. The analysis not only reconfirms that the 3-coat system is the comparatively better painting system, but also generates an optimal painting maintenance plan for INDOT. To assure the quality of paint material and workmanship after substantial completion of the painting contract, the development of legally binding and dependable warranty clauses is initiated in this study. The developed painting warranty clauses were primarily derived from the painting warranty clauses used by IDOT, MDOT, and INDOT’s pavement warranty clauses. A comparative study was conducted on eleven essential categories. Among them, it was found that the warranty period, the definition of “defect”, and the amount of the warranty bond all need further evaluation

Steel Bridge Protection Policy: Main Report

The study identifies various painting systems that are successfully used in Indiana’s surrounding states and other industries. The identified systems are further screened and evaluated. After prudently comparing INDOT’s inorganic zinc / vinyl system with the waterborne acrylic system, the moisture cure urethane coating system, and the 3-coat system of zinc-epoxy-urethane, the results show that the new 3-coat system fulfills INDOT’s needs with the most benefits. Therefore, the 3-coat system is recommended to replace INDOT present inorganic zinc / vinyl system. To deal with the problems facing the lead-based paint, a comparison between full-removal and over-coating alternatives is made. Results show that over-coating might provide a good protection for less than half the cost of full-removal; however it delays the lead full-removal process and does not completely solve the environmental problem. The metalization of steel bridges is seemingly a potential protection policy. After reviewing standards and specifications on metalization, it is shown that metalization jobs require a higher degree of control. It suits on-shop practices, however, the initial cost is considerably high. This study also describes a life cycle cost analysis that was done to determine an optimal painting system for INDOT. Herein, a deterministic method of economic analysis and a stochastic method of Markov chains process are used. The analysis not only reconfirms that the 3-coat system is the comparatively better painting system, but also generates an optimal painting maintenance plan for INDOT. To assure the quality of paint material and workmanship after substantial completion of the painting contract, the development of legally binding and dependable warranty clauses is initiated in this study. The developed painting warranty clauses were primarily derived from the painting warranty clauses used by IDOT, MDOT, and INDOT’s pavement warranty clauses. A comparative study was conducted on eleven essential categories. Among them, it was found that the warranty period, the definition of “defect”, and the amount of the warranty bond all need further evaluation

Steel Bridge Protection Policy: Life Cycle Cost Analysis and Maintenance Plan

The study identifies various painting systems that are successfully used in Indiana\u27s surrounding states and other industries. the identified systems are further screened and evaluated. After prudently comparing INDOT\u27s inorgainc zinc/vinyl system with the waterborne acrylic system, the moisture cure urethane coating system and the 3-coat system of zinc-epoxy-urethane, the sresults show that thte new 3-coat system fulfills INDOT\u27s needs with the most benefits. Therefore, the 3-coat system is recommended to replace INDOT present inorgaic zinc/vinyl system. To deal with the problems facing the lead-based paint, a comparison between full-removal and over-coating alternatives is made. Results show that over-coating might provide a good protection for less than half the cost of full-removal; however it delays the lead full-removal process and does not completely solve the environmental problem. The metalization of steel bridges is seemingly a potential protection policy. After reviewing standards and specifications on metalizzation, it is shown that metalizzation jobs require a higher degree of control. It suits on-shop practices, however, the initial cost is considerably high. This study also describes a life cycle cost analysis that was done to determine an optimal painting system for INDOT. Herein, a deterministic method of economic analysis and a stochastic method of Markov chains process are used. The analysis not only reconfirms that the 3-coat system is the comparatively better painting system, but also generates an optimal painting maintenance plan for INDOT. To assure the quality of paint materials and workmanship after substania

Robust anti-oxidant defences in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae confer tolerance to the host oxidative burst

•Plants respond to pathogen attack via a rapid burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, ROS are also produced by fungal metabolism and are required for the development of infection structures in Magnaporthe oryzae. •To obtain a better understanding of redox regulation in M. oryzae, we measured the amount and redox potential of glutathione (EGSH), as the major cytoplasmic anti-oxidant, the rates of ROS production, and mitochondrial activity using multi-channel four-dimensional (x,y,z,t) confocal imaging of Grx1-roGFP2 and fluorescent reporters during spore germination, appressorium formation and infection. •High levels of mitochondrial activity and ROS were localized to the growing germ tube and appressorium, but EGSH was highly reduced and tightly regulated during development. Furthermore, germlings were extremely resistant to external H2O2 exposure ex planta. EGSH remained highly reduced during successful infection of the susceptible rice cultivar CO39. By contrast, there was a dramatic reduction in the infection of resistant (IR68) rice, but the sparse hyphae that did form also maintained a similar reduced EGSH. •We conclude that M. oryzae has a robust anti-oxidant defence system and maintains tight control of EGSH despite substantial oxidative challenge. Furthermore, the magnitude of the host oxidative burst alone does not stress the pathogen sufficiently to prevent infection in this pathosystem.BBSR

Gene induction during differentiation of human monocytes into dendritic cells: an integrated study at the RNA and protein levels

Changes in gene expression occurring during differentiation of human monocytes into dendritic cells were studied at the RNA and protein levels. These studies showed the induction of several gene classes corresponding to various biological functions. These functions encompass antigen processing and presentation, cytoskeleton, cell signalling and signal transduction, but also an increase in mitochondrial function and in the protein synthesis machinery, including some, but not all, chaperones. These changes put in perspective the events occurring during this differentiation process. On a more technical point, it appears that the studies carried out at the RNA and protein levels are highly complementary.Comment: website publisher: http://www.springerlink.com/content/ha0d2c351qhjhjdm

Why Medical Students Choose Rural Clinical Campuses For Training: A Report From Two Campuses At Opposite Ends Of The Commonwealth

Introduction Although US medical schools have increased their enrollment by about 30%, most of the increase has occurred in urban areas. The affinity model proposes that rural training of a rural student will more likely result in a rural physician, but the exact role of these rural campuses is unclear. Do they solidify and reinforce a pre-existing career plan, do they create social and marital ties that make the transition to rural medicine easier, or could they be replaced with a briefer and more efficient rural rotation? We administered a questionnaire to students attending two different two year rural clinical campuses in the same state in order to explore their opinions regarding the advantages of a rural campus. Methods Two different rural M3-M4 year clinical campuses, affiliated with different medical schools in the same state, administered surveys to 70 medical students across all four years of medical school. Both schools selectively recruit rural students to the rural campuses, and require a campus decision at admission. Both schools require students to attend their first two years at an urban campus, and transfer to the rural campus for clinical education. Questions addressed student opinions on rural campus location, recommendations from others regarding attendance, campus atmosphere and social life, teaching methods and involvement in patient care. Comparisons were analyzed using the non-parametric Mann Whitney U test. Results The top five reasons students chose a rural campus included three aspects of rural training and two features of being rural. There were small differences between the two campuses regarding the importance of more procedures during training and more outdoor activities, the opportunity to study with friends, and strength of local leadership, reflecting differences in the practice setting and the environment of the two campuses. Differences were also noted between upper-level and lower-level students regarding the importance of studying with friends, and the chances of meeting a future spouse. Finally, very rural students (30 miles from urban area) were less concerned with availability of scholarships, and lack of fine dining, but viewed the opportunity to study with friends more favorably. Conclusions This study adds to the published literature by surveying students at multiple rural campuses by year of training. There were many more similarities than differences, but there were differences between the two campuses, and there were also differences as the students progressed in their training, and differences between very rural students and other students attending the campus. Rural campuses provide both clinical and social support for students contemplating rural practice. Results of the survey indicate both are of importance to the students as well, with quality of training the most important factor